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What This Means: Quality of Earnings (QoE) is a critical due diligence exercise that goes beyond the numbers in financial statements to assess the true, sustainable profitability of a business. Unlike a standard audit that verifies historical accuracy, a QoE analysis examines whether reported earnings reflect the ongoing operational reality and identifies adjustments needed for a normalized view of performance. QoE reports have become essential tools for buyers, lenders, and investors. They uncover accounting irregularities, one-time items, aggressive revenue recognition, and hidden risks that could materially impact valuation and deal structure. Common Challenges: Real Deal Context: We recently advised a private equity firm acquiring a Pennsylvania based Document Management Software company. The QoE exercise involved extensive negotiations around the Target Net Working Capital (NWC Peg), with particular focus on deferred revenue treatment. Our analysis examined the cost-to-serve existing customer contracts against collected revenues to ensure the negotiated peg would provide the buyer with adequate post-closing liquidity and operational flexibility. We continued our engagement post-close to validate the final working capital settlement against the target. The NWC Peg (Target Net Working Capital) is a negotiated benchmark—typically based on historical averages—that represents the expected working capital level a business needs to operate normally. At closing, the actual working capital is measured against this peg: if it’s lower, the buyer receives a dollar-for-dollar purchase price reduction; if higher, the buyer pays more. This mechanism protects buyers from inheriting a business that’s been stripped of operating cash while ensuring sellers aren’t penalized for maintaining healthy working capital levels. Suggested Success Factors: Informative Content: In a recent video podcast, I explored the nuances of Quality of Earnings, essential deal considerations, the evolving role of AI in deal execution, and more. Watch the full discussion here. Share Your Perspectives: Quality of Earnings analysis is the foundation of informed deal-making, protecting value and building trust between parties. Have you encountered significant QoE findings that reshaped a transaction? We would be interested to know how you addressed the issues and moved forward.

What This Means: “Deal jumping” occurs when a new bidder makes a competing offer after a deal is announced or signed, presenting a higher or better-structured proposal. This can force boards, sponsors, and strategic buyers to reassess the deal, their fiduciary duties, and protections in place. In mid-market deals, these situations are less common than in large-cap transactions, but they do happen — especially when deal protections are lighter, financing is accessible, and a competitor sees strategic opportunity. Common Challenges:  Real Deal Context: Occidental Petroleum vs. Chevron / Anadarko (2019): Suggested Success Factors: Share Your Perspectives: Deal jumping and topping bids are high-stakes maneuvers requiring strategy, foresight, and solid legal guidance. Have you been on either side of a topping bid? We would be interested to know how you navigated through the challenges?

What This Means: ESG due diligence encompasses systematic assessment of environmental liabilities, social compliance obligations (labor practices, supply chain ethics), and governance structures (board composition, executive compensation). Unlike traditional due diligence, ESG risks often remain hidden until post-close, when remediation costs can exceed acquisition premiums. The Challenge: Acquirers face escalating regulatory expectations across multiple jurisdictions. Environmental liabilities—particularly remediation obligations and carbon exposure—create material financial exposure. Social risks including labor violations and supply chain exploitation damage brand value. Governance failures generate regulatory investigation risk. ESG issues often cluster in specific geographies or industries, creating concentrated risk profiles traditional due diligence overlooks. Why It Matters: Bad management of due diligence can lead to missed risks, extra costs, regulatory problems, or even losing the deal. Good management speeds up decisions, lowers risks, and builds confidence for closing and integration. Real Deal Context: Nestlé’s $7.15 billion licensing agreement with Starbucks (announced May 2018, closed August 2018) for perpetual global rights to market Starbucks consumer packaged goods and foodservice products illustrates the importance of ESG considerations in complex commercial transactions. Given both companies’ public commitments to sustainable and ethical coffee sourcing, acquirers in similar deals would need to assess: Critical Success Factors for ESG Due Diligence: Share Your Perspectives: Which ESG factor represents the greatest post-close financial risk: environmental liabilities, labor compliance, or governance risk?